Integrand size = 16, antiderivative size = 82 \[ \int \frac {x^5}{1-x^4+x^8} \, dx=-\frac {1}{4} \arctan \left (\sqrt {3}-2 x^2\right )+\frac {1}{4} \arctan \left (\sqrt {3}+2 x^2\right )+\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}-\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}} \]
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Time = 0.05 (sec) , antiderivative size = 82, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 10, number of rules used = 7, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.438, Rules used = {1373, 1141, 1175, 632, 210, 1178, 642} \[ \int \frac {x^5}{1-x^4+x^8} \, dx=-\frac {1}{4} \arctan \left (\sqrt {3}-2 x^2\right )+\frac {1}{4} \arctan \left (2 x^2+\sqrt {3}\right )+\frac {\log \left (x^4-\sqrt {3} x^2+1\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}-\frac {\log \left (x^4+\sqrt {3} x^2+1\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}} \]
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Rule 210
Rule 632
Rule 642
Rule 1141
Rule 1175
Rule 1178
Rule 1373
Rubi steps \begin{align*} \text {integral}& = \frac {1}{2} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {x^2}{1-x^2+x^4} \, dx,x,x^2\right ) \\ & = -\left (\frac {1}{4} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1-x^2}{1-x^2+x^4} \, dx,x,x^2\right )\right )+\frac {1}{4} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1+x^2}{1-x^2+x^4} \, dx,x,x^2\right ) \\ & = \frac {1}{8} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1-\sqrt {3} x+x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )+\frac {1}{8} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1+\sqrt {3} x+x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )+\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {\sqrt {3}+2 x}{-1-\sqrt {3} x-x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {\sqrt {3}-2 x}{-1+\sqrt {3} x-x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}} \\ & = \frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}-\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}-\frac {1}{4} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,-\sqrt {3}+2 x^2\right )-\frac {1}{4} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,\sqrt {3}+2 x^2\right ) \\ & = -\frac {1}{4} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {3}-2 x^2\right )+\frac {1}{4} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {3}+2 x^2\right )+\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}}-\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt {3}} \\ \end{align*}
Result contains complex when optimal does not.
Time = 0.10 (sec) , antiderivative size = 98, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.20 \[ \int \frac {x^5}{1-x^4+x^8} \, dx=\frac {\sqrt {-1-i \sqrt {3}} \left (i+\sqrt {3}\right ) \arctan \left (\frac {1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right ) x^2\right )+\sqrt {-1+i \sqrt {3}} \left (-i+\sqrt {3}\right ) \arctan \left (\frac {1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right ) x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {6}} \]
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Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3.
Time = 0.06 (sec) , antiderivative size = 32, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.39
method | result | size |
risch | \(\frac {\left (\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\operatorname {RootOf}\left (9 \textit {\_Z}^{4}+3 \textit {\_Z}^{2}+1\right )}{\sum }\textit {\_R} \ln \left (6 \textit {\_R}^{3}+x^{2}+\textit {\_R} \right )\right )}{4}\) | \(32\) |
default | \(-\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \left (-\frac {\ln \left (1+x^{4}-x^{2} \sqrt {3}\right )}{2}-\sqrt {3}\, \arctan \left (2 x^{2}-\sqrt {3}\right )\right )}{12}-\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \left (\frac {\ln \left (1+x^{4}+x^{2} \sqrt {3}\right )}{2}-\sqrt {3}\, \arctan \left (2 x^{2}+\sqrt {3}\right )\right )}{12}\) | \(77\) |
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Result contains complex when optimal does not.
Time = 0.28 (sec) , antiderivative size = 153, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.87 \[ \int \frac {x^5}{1-x^4+x^8} \, dx=\frac {1}{24} \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {i \, \sqrt {3} - 1} \log \left (6 \, x^{2} + i \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {i \, \sqrt {3} - 1}\right ) - \frac {1}{24} \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {i \, \sqrt {3} - 1} \log \left (6 \, x^{2} - i \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {i \, \sqrt {3} - 1}\right ) - \frac {1}{24} \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {-i \, \sqrt {3} - 1} \log \left (6 \, x^{2} + i \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {-i \, \sqrt {3} - 1}\right ) + \frac {1}{24} \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {-i \, \sqrt {3} - 1} \log \left (6 \, x^{2} - i \, \sqrt {6} \sqrt {3} \sqrt {-i \, \sqrt {3} - 1}\right ) \]
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Time = 0.11 (sec) , antiderivative size = 70, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.85 \[ \int \frac {x^5}{1-x^4+x^8} \, dx=\frac {\sqrt {3} \log {\left (x^{4} - \sqrt {3} x^{2} + 1 \right )}}{24} - \frac {\sqrt {3} \log {\left (x^{4} + \sqrt {3} x^{2} + 1 \right )}}{24} + \frac {\operatorname {atan}{\left (2 x^{2} - \sqrt {3} \right )}}{4} + \frac {\operatorname {atan}{\left (2 x^{2} + \sqrt {3} \right )}}{4} \]
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\[ \int \frac {x^5}{1-x^4+x^8} \, dx=\int { \frac {x^{5}}{x^{8} - x^{4} + 1} \,d x } \]
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none
Time = 0.30 (sec) , antiderivative size = 76, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.93 \[ \int \frac {x^5}{1-x^4+x^8} \, dx=\frac {1}{24} \, \sqrt {3} x^{4} \log \left (x^{4} + \sqrt {3} x^{2} + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{24} \, \sqrt {3} x^{4} \log \left (x^{4} - \sqrt {3} x^{2} + 1\right ) + \frac {1}{4} \, x^{4} \arctan \left (2 \, x^{2} + \sqrt {3}\right ) + \frac {1}{4} \, x^{4} \arctan \left (2 \, x^{2} - \sqrt {3}\right ) \]
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Time = 0.03 (sec) , antiderivative size = 53, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.65 \[ \int \frac {x^5}{1-x^4+x^8} \, dx=-\mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {2\,x^2}{-1+\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{4}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{12}\right )-\mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {2\,x^2}{1+\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}\right )\,\left (-\frac {1}{4}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{12}\right ) \]
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